International Coalition for Religious Freedom. 1–23. Vesak also is often celebrated in Sewu temple and numerous Buddhist temples in Indonesia. This page was last edited on 27 April 2012, at 02:04. [21], Islam was introduced to the archipelago in the thirteenth century. Nel censimento del 2010 l'87,18% della popolazione si è dichiarata musulmana (sunnita per oltre il 99%[9], seguaci dello sciismo per lo 0,5%[10], ahmadiyya per lo 0,2%[11]), il 6,96% protestanti, il 2,91% cattolici, lo 1,69% induisti, buddhisti per lo 0,72%, confuciani per lo 0,05%, mentre lo 0,13% aveva altre fedi ed infine lo 0,38% ha rifiutato di dichiarare la propria appartenenza[12]. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Vol. Retrieved 22 December 2011 . There is little formal commercial activity; goods are obtained from peddlers and small shops (warung) or from the market towns, which often are also local government centres. [48] The VOC regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago. Oggi ci sono circa 400.000 musulmani ahmadi, sparpagliati su 542 filiali in tutta la nazione. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion, but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. Typical rural housing, Bogor district, Java, Indonesia. [79][78], In 1969, Statute No. Chinese Indonesians, who were mostly Confucianists, also faced similar circumstances. [64] It also incorporated native Austronesian elements that revered hyangs, deities and spirits of nature and deceased ancestors. [43] The main organisation is “Ikatan Jamaah Ahlulbait Indonesia” (IJABI). La legge nazionale prevede che ogni cittadino in possesso di un documento di identità debba anche far riconoscere una persona con una di queste sei religioni, anche se poi risulta esser possibile lasciare quella specifica sezione vuota[7]. [120] Subsequent government attempts, particularly by the country's intelligence agency (BIN), in curbing radicalism has been called an attack on Islam by some sectarian figures. As a result, there is an inclusiveness that the kebatinan believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognised religions, at least in KTP, while still subscribe to their kebatinan belief and way of life. Official religion monotheism Monetary unit rupiah (Rp) Currency Exchange Rate 1 USD equals 14752.481 Indonesian rupiah Population (2019 est.) Furthermore, up to 65% of the ethnic Torajans are Protestants. Durante l'epoca delle Indie orientali olandesi il numero dei praticanti cattolici è sceso in maniera significativa, questo a causa della politica attuata di divieto della religione cattolica. Il più grande monumento buddhista esistente al mondo, Borobudur, è stato fatto costruire dai Sailendra, ed intorno allo stesso periodo è stato fatto erigere anche il complesso templare indù Prambanan. The Taman Yasmin Church in Bogor has been upheld and protected by Supreme Court of Indonesia, but the mayor of Bogor refused to comply with the court ruling. Currently, it is the only synagogue in Indonesia that provides services. The arrival of Buddhism was started with trading activities that began in the early first century on the Silk Road between Indonesia and India. In the 2000 census, only Catholics and Protestants were available as categories.[123]. [99] Numbering about 7.000 (or between 10.000 and 15.000[7]), Sikhs are not officially recognised by the government, resulting in adherents referring to themselves as Hindus on the KTP. [1] Most Buddhists are concentrated in Jakarta, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, North Sumatra, and West Kalimantan. [44], The earliest history of Ahmadi Muslims in the archipelago dates back to the summer of 1925, when roughly two decades before the Indonesian revolution, a missionary of the Community, Rahmat Ali, stepped in Sumatra and established the movement with 13 devotees in Tapaktuan, Aceh. All practitioners of Agama Hindu Dharma share many common beliefs, mostly the Five Points of Philosophy, the Panca Srada. Smaller numbers follow other schools (madhhabs),[16][36] and the Salafi movement. "The Correlation of Verses of the 'Sang Kyang Kamahayanan Mantranaya' with Vajrabodhi's 'Japa-sutra'". Nel censimento del 2000, solo i cattolici e protestanti erano disponibili come categorie distinte d cristiani[36]. [90] In 2015, the first official Jewish centre, "Beit Torat Chaim", was inaugurated by the Religious Affairs Ministry. 5/1969 was passed, restoring the official total of six religions. In some communities, those beliefs interact with traditions or influenced by another mainstream religion, resulting in a myriad of unique practices. Vesak is an official national holiday in Indonesia[13] and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from Mendut to Pawon and ending at Borobudur. Indonesia’s rich culture begets so many inspired works of art — paintings, sculpture, music, dance, theatre, and more. Nota: il calo della popolazione cattolica tra il 1990 e il 2000 è dovuto alla secessione di Timor Est nel 1999. There are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims in the country which approximates to 0.5% of the total Muslim population. In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorize Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. In 1979, Soeharto retracted official recognition of Confucianism. Various temples of ancient Java and Sumatra are Vajrayana. [11] According to a 2017 decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, "the branches/flows of beliefs" (Indonesian: aliran kepercayaan)—ethnic religions with new religious movements—must be recognised and included in an Indonesian identity card (KTP). In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. [86][87], Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. [7], There are indigenous religions that are incorporated into the Hinduism (not all followers agree): Hindu Kaharingan of Dayak people;[68] Javanese Hinduism of Tenggerese tribe;[69] Hindu Tolotang of Bugis;[70] and Aluk Todolo of Toraja. [48][55] In present-day Flores, the royal house of Larantuka formed the only native Catholic kingdom in Southeast Asia around the 16th century, with the first king named Lorenzo. The Future of the Global Muslim Population . La costituzione indonesiana garantisce la libertà di culto e di espressione religiosa[2]; purtuttavia, il governo riconosce solo sei religioni ufficiali (l'Islam, il protestantesimo, il cattolicesimo, l'induismo, il buddhismo e il confucianesimo)[3][4][5]. Another Minister of Home Affairs directive in 1990 re-iterated the total of five official religions in Indonesia. [83], The Kejawèn have no certain prophet, a sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherent's internalised transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with others and with the supreme being. This resulted in some administrative districts permitting only five religions on the KTP, a restriction that have been programmed into computer databases.[80]. The archipelago: its prehistory and early historical records, The arrival of Hindu religious conceptions, Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company, The French and the British in Java, 1806–15, Indonesia from the coup to the end of the New Order, Economic crisis, public unrest, and the fall of Suharto, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Indonesia, Electric Scotland - Biography of James Renwick, Indonesia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Indonesia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration card. [66], According to the 2010 census, Hindus numbered 4 million (1.7% of Indonesians). It consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo (), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Statistically, 7% of the total population declared themselves Protestant in a 2010 census. Non viene invece riconosciuto l'agnosticismo o l'ateismo, mentre la bestemmia è illegale[8]. Catholicism started to spread in Central Java when Frans van Lith, a priest from the Netherlands came to Muntilan in 1896. There are approximately 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population. Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia), Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia, Discrimination against atheists in Indonesia, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, the capital city's gubernatorial election, "Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia", "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut", "International Religious Freedom Report 2008. It’s fascinating to learn the geological processes that make mountains, hills, and rivers. [14], Indonesian law requires its citizens to have a KTP that identifies them with one of the six religions, but they are able to leave that section blank. De facto, Confucianists were not recognised by the government, and they were forced to register with one of the original five official religions to maintain their citizenship. [39], Concerning the political expansion of Islam after the resignation of Suharto, political parties were again permitted to declare an ideology other than Pancasila. Some lived in Semarang and Surabaya. Queste religioni furono portate nell'arcipelago indonesiano rispettivamente attorno ai secoli II e IV, quando i commercianti indiani giunsero sulle isole di Sumatra, Giava e Sulawesi, portando con sé la propria fede. And talking about its heritage, there is the famous temple called Borobudur Temple, which is one of the worlwide treasures. Most are Protestant or independent Christian, and the remainder are mainly Roman Catholic. Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia after Hinduism, which arrived from India around the second century. Culture & Religion of Indonesia - The present day culture of Indonesia is an outcome of the interplay of age-old- traditions from the time of early migrants and the Western thought brought by Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists. Add NationMaster content to your website. Kejawèn, while it connotes a turning away from the aggressive universalism of orthodox Islam, moves toward a more internalised universalism. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. Più tardi il cristianesimo si diffuse anche dai porti costieri del Borneo, con i missionari che arrivarono tra i Toraja di Sulawesi; vennero prese di mira parti di Sumatra, in particolare le persone Batak, che a tutt'oggi si ritrovano ad essere in prevalenza protestanti[18]. [111] Alexander's lawyers speculated that there were only around 2,000 atheists in Indonesia, but stated that it was difficult to estimate due to the threat of imprisonment for open atheism. Religious composition by ethnic group (2010 Census). In 2015, the Supreme Council for the Sikh Religion in Indonesia was founded. It was the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in the archipelago, created by an Indian trader following marriage to a local Sundanese princess. [45] A separatist group, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam, known as Gerakan Ahmadiyah-Lahore Indonesia (GAI) in Indonesia, has existed in Java since 1924 and had only 708 members in the 1980s.[45]. Di conseguenza ad ogni cittadino indonesiano è stato richiesto di portare impressa sulla propria carta di identificazione anche l'indicazione delle personale religione professata; una tale politica ha provocato una massa di conversioni religiose, soprattutto per quanto concerne il cristianesimo[19]; la stessa situazione è accaduta con gli indonesiani delle etnie cinesi, che per lo più erano confuciani, ma siccome il confucianesimo non era allora una delle religioni di stato riconosciute molti di questi hanno finito con il convertirsi al cristianesimo[19]. Like settlement structure, rural social patterns vary considerably across the Indonesian archipelago. Il protestantesimo è stato invece introdotto dagli olandesi nel corso del XVI secolo, con influenza sia da parte del luteranesimo che del calvinismo. La storia dell'Islam in Indonesia è complessa e riflette le diversità delle culture dell'arcipelago[21]. [10], The Lalitavistara Sutra was known to the Mantranaya stonemasons of Borobudur, refer: The birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara). Most Chinese Indonesians follow a syncretic flows with Chinese beliefs, such as the Three teachings (Tridharma) and Yiguandao (Maytreya). The Foreign Ministry, along with the most prominent Islamic organisation in Indonesia, Nahdatul Ulama, held the International Conference of Islamic Scholars, to promote Islamic moderation, which is believed to reduce the tension in the country. [47] The Dutch Reformed Church was long at the forefront in introducing Christianity to native peoples and was later joined by other Reformed churches that separated from it during the 19th century. Il buddismo è la seconda più antica religione in Indonesia, essendo giunta nel paese intorno al VI secolo[35]. The archipelago is rich with herbs and spices, which shape traditional recipes to utilize the abundance of those ingredients. Members of unrecognized religious groups are often unable to obtain KTPs as a result. [62][63] Hinduism, referred to as Agama Hindu Dharma in Indonesia, formally applied the caste system. [6] Consequently, atheists in Indonesia experience official discrimination in the context of registration of births and marriages and the issuance of identity cards. (2004). There are, however, pockets of Christians scattered throughout the country, particularly in Flores, Timor, northern Celebes, the interior of Kalimantan, and the Moluccas. The intention was to move millions of people from overcrowded and populated Java, Bali and Madura to less populated regions, such as Ambon, Lesser Sunda Islands and Papua. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [91], Jews in Surabaya maintained a synagogue for many years, with sporadic support from relatives and co-religionists residing in Singapore. During the 9th century ce, both Hinduism and Buddhism were practiced as court religions; Shiva and Buddha were looked upon as manifestations of the same spiritual being. The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires influenced by Indian culture were established around the same period. In some regions, people retained and continued their old beliefs. Nearly nine-tenths of the Indonesian population professes Islam. Attualmente la maggior parte dei nativi di Sulawesi Settentrionale praticano una qualche forma di protestantesimo, mentre coloro che sono trasmigrati da Giava e Madura professano l'Islam. Anche se in base ai dati raccolti dalla "Conferenza indonesiana sulla religione e la pace" (ICRP) vi sono all'incirca almeno altre 245 forme religiose non ufficiali di varia ampiezza all'interno dell'Indonesia[6]. Nel 1971, sono stati registrati tre gruppi di cristiani: cattolici, protestanti e altro. Indonesia’s diversity extends to the variety of belief systems as well. Farmer (lower right) tending terraced rice paddies, Bali, Indonesia. [29], The history of Islam in Indonesia is complex and reflects the diversity of Indonesian cultures. The world's largest Buddhist monument, Borobudur, was built by Sailendra and around the same time, the Hindu monument Prambanan was also built. Regions such as central Kalimantan and western New Guinea, the mountains of northern Sumatra, and the interiors of other mountainous islands long remained virtually untouched by outside religions. [67] The majority of Hindus live in Bali. It has received much criticism, being described as a type of colonisation by the Javanese and Madurese who also brought Islam to non-Muslim areas. Each Javanese village has a stream or a well as its source of water, a mosque and an elementary school, and a network of swept-earth paths. Four diverse and contentious sultanates emerged in northern and southern Sumatra, west and central Java, and southern Kalimantan. (2004). Other notable schools are Theravada Buddhism from Sri Lanka and Thailand. [79][78] Therefore, the status of Confucianism during the New Order regime was never clear. We need money to operate the site, and almost all of it comes from our online advertising. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Indonesia (/ ˌ ɪ n d ə ˈ n iː ʒ ə / IN-də-NEE-zhə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia [reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia] ()), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. 'Mantranaya' is not a corruption or misspelling of 'mantrayana' even though it is largely synonymous. Initially, his effort did not produce a satisfying result until 1904 when four Javanese chiefs from Kalibawang region asked him to give them education in the religion. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. The hostility of the Dutch toward Catholicism is due to its history where the Protestant Dutch gained their independence after the Eighty Years War against Catholic Spain's rule. The empire also served as a Buddhist learning centre in the region. However, Suharto acknowledged that the Chinese Indonesians had a large amount of wealth and power, despite consisting only 3% of the population. Ad esempio, in quanto formalmente denominato "Agama Hindu Dharma" (vedi l'induismo balinese), questi non ha mai fatto applicare quello che è il sistema delle caste in India; è inoltre ampiamente integrato con elementi nativi delle lingue austronesiane che venerano gli hyang o entità spirituali della natura e dagli antenati defunti. Attraverso le vie commerciali è stato introdotto anche il buddhismo il quale si è ulteriormente sviluppato durante il secolo successivo, con un certo numero di indù e buddhisti che hanno attivamente influenzato i vari regni allora costituitisi, come il Kutai, Srivijaya, Majapahit e la dinastia dei Sailendra[15]. [97][98], Sikhs migration to Indonesia began in the 1870s (guardians and traders). [31] Over the 15th and 16th century, the spread of Islam accelerated via the missionary work of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (also known as Sunan Gresik, originally from Samarkand) in Sumatra and Java and Admiral Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho, from China) in north Java, as well as campaigns led by sultans that targeted Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and various communities, with each trying to carve out a region or island for control. Even in modern settings like the office workplace and modern communities, you’ll see the inclusiveness and friendliness of Indonesians. Many Chinese in the cities are also Christian, but some follow Buddhism or Confucianism, sometimes blended with Christianity. [2] The Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia has disputed this figure, who estimated as many as 18 million Hindus in the country. Dopo la caduta della Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali e con la legalizzazione del cattolicesimo nei Paesi Bassi a partire dai primi anni del XIX secolo, il clero cattolico olandese prevalse fino a dopo l'indipendenza dell'Indonesia. "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. In 1961, the Association of Khung Chiao Hui Indonesia (PKCHI) (now the Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) had declared that Confucianism is a religion and Confucius is their prophet. Many choose to live under their parents’ roof unless they absolutely have to (many Indonesians leave their hometown to get a job in the city). [48][58] In the present day, Catholic traditions close to Easter days remain, locally known as Semana Santa. [8] Those ordained included Vajiradevi Sadhika Bhikkhuni from Indonesia, Medha Bhikkhuni from Sri Lanka, Anula Bhikkhuni from Japan, Santasukha Santamana Bhikkhuni from Vietnam, Sukhi Bhikkhuni and Sumangala Bhikkhuni from Malaysia, and Jenti Bhikkhuni from Australia.[8]. L'induismo indonesiano assume un tono diverso rispetto a quello presente nelle altre parti del mondo[32]. In 1979, Soeharto retracted official recognition of Confucianism. Some historical heritage monuments can be found in Indonesia, including the Borobudur Temple in Yogyakarta and statues or prasasti (inscriptions) from the earlier history of Buddhist empires. Most rural Indonesians are small-scale farmers who operate at or near the subsistence level and sell some produce but usually do not accumulate substantial capital. Le aree che mantennero una tradizione rivolta all'animismo nella zona più a orientale del paese, d'altro canto, hanno subito i principali sforzi di conversione forzata da parte degli olandesi, tra queste le isole Molucche, Sulawesi Settentrionale, Nusa Tenggara, la provincia di Papua e il Kalimantan. [79][78], During the New Order, the anti-China policy became a scapegoat-like method to gain political support from the masses, especially after the fall of PKI, which had allegedly been backed by China. Cambiamenti significativi negli aspetti religiosi si sono verificati durante l'epoca del cosiddetto "Nuovo Ordine" (tra gli anni sessanta e novanta del Novecento)[19]. [114], Nevertheless, the 2010 report to the United States Congress by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom noted attacks against the Shia communities in Indonesia, particularly in East Java and Madura. [116][117] A positive form of relations has also appeared in society, such as the effort from six different religious organisations to help the 2004 tsunami victims. Being deemed divisive, the 1961 census data regarding religion was not published. La costituzione indonesiana … Indonesia is notorious with its huge Muslim population; the largest in the world despite being a secular country by law.