The Hipparcos satellite mission made it possible to measure the parallax displacements with an accuracy of up to 0.1 mas, or 1 part in 2 billion. Authors: Lauren Anderson, David W. Hogg, Boris Leistedt, Adrian M. Price-Whelan, Jo Bovy (Submitted on 15 Jun 2017) Abstract: Converting a noisy parallax measurement into a posterior belief over distance requires inference with a prior. Now, if VERA can measure parallax with a precision of 0.03 mas, then it can reach far out into the Milky Way, too. Gaia charts 10,000 times as many stars as Hipparcos, measuring their position and motion with 100 times greater precision. It uses basic geometry in which the Earth orbit forms the baseline. Per Wikipedia's Gaia (spacecraft); Objectives : Determine the position, parallax, and annual proper motion of 1 billion stars with an accuracy of about 20 microarcseconds (µas) at 15 mag, and 200 µas at 20 mag. Gaia will obtain astrometry for > 10 9 stars, with parallax precisions down to σ (π) ≲ 6 μ a s for the brightest stars, V ≲ 12. After 6 months’ commissioning, the nominal mission will last 5 years, ending in 2019. How long will the mission last, and could it be extended? In fact, at the moment, VERA is one of our best tools for measuring distances in the Milky Way, beating Gaia quite handily. In denser areas, only the brightest stars are observed such that the completeness limit becomes brighter than 20 th magnitude. This effect is called the stellar parallax. In contrast to traditional pre-Hipparcos astrometry, Gaia is designed to measure so-called “absolute parallaxes”. The Gaia CCD detectors feature a pixel size of 10 μm (59 milli-arcsecond) in the scanning direction and the astrometric instrument has been designed to cope with object densities up to 750,000 stars per square degree. Determining the size of the major axis of the ellipse provides the value of the parallax (see figure above), which is the most direct method of measuring distances to nearby stars. Gaia will do the same to an accuracy of 0.01 mas, one part in 20 billion. Title: Improving \textsl{Gaia} parallax precision with a data-driven model of stars.

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