)[11], As elevation increases moving inland from Lima and other coastal locations, so also does precipitation. The Metropolitan area, with around 7,000 factories,[56] is the main location of industry. Matucana, 80 km (50 mi) inland at an elevation of 2,464 m (8,084 ft) gets 479 mm (18.9 in) of precipitation. Alle rechthoekige luchtkanalen en technische componenten worden voor u in het eigen atelier op maat gemaakt. In the Cordillera Blanca, for example, glacial melt provides 80 percent of water in the rivers during the dry season and 4-8 percent during the rainy season. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%). Temperatures become cooler with elevation and around 1,550 metres (5,090 ft) elevation the climate becomes sub-tropical rather than tropical, a climate often characterized as "eternal spring." Lima's proximity to the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to temperatures much lower than those expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with subtropical temperature ranges. [107] Commuter rail services for Lima are planned as part of the larger Tren de la Costa project. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. Get the latest coronavirus (COVID-19) updates for Peru with current travel advice, statistics and online resources. All data correspond to the average monthly values of the last 20 years. [50], The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of 117 housing blocks. [17], In 1746, another powerful earthquake severely damaged Lima and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco. It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro). In addition, informal bus stations are located in the south, center and north of the city. Additionally, several companies provide on-call taxi service.[109]. The most popular sport in Lima is football with professional club teams operating in the city. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or 'camanchacas'. This bus station is the point of departure and arrival point for national and international destinations. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2008 and the Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit were held there. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. The city is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas, mixing Spanish, Andean and Asian culinary traditions. Plaza de toros de Acho, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek for sunshine in Andean valleys located at elevations generally above 500 meters above sea level. Ocean temperatures on the coast of Peru increase by as much as 3°C (5°F) during the Austral summer, beginning about Christmas, the name El Niño referring to the birth of Jesus. [114], Lima suffers most from air pollution. Climate of Peru describes the diverse climates of this large South American country with an area of 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi). Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households that earn less than 2000 soles (or US$612) monthly. Many areas of Peru depend upon glacial melt for water for consumption, irrigation, and industry. [34] In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. While Quincemil has the highest precipitation of places in Peru with a weather station, climatologists say that the slopes of low mountains northwest of Quincemil in Manu National Park may receive more than 8,000 millimetres (310 in) of rain annually. [8] As a result of the fog, Lima gets only 1230 hours of sunshine annually, and less that 50 hours each in the months of July, Aug, and Sept. [9] (By contrast, Seattle, Washington, not noted for its sunny weather, gets 2,170 hours of sunshine annually[10] and "foggy London town" gets 1,618 hours of sunshine annually. Feb The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of Kings (Spanish: Ciudad de los Reyes) because its foundation was decided on 6 January, date of the feast of the Epiphany. ", "Mistura Food Fest Gives Peruvian Cuisine A Chance To Shine", "Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50", "Lima awarded 2019 Pan American and Parapan Games", "Parque Kennedy – Miraflores – Top Rated Peru City Parks", "Lima tiene más de 6 mil colegios privados y cerca de 2 mil centros públicos – según Mapcity", "Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes 2012 (ECE 2012)", "Bandurria – El sitio – Ferrocarril Lima Huacho", "Periodo 1945–1965 – Galería de Fotos y Planos", "Getting around: Taxis, mototaxis and colectivos", "This Billboard Sucks Pollution from the Sky and Returns Purified Air", "Ciudad Nuestra – Segunda Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Victimización 2012 Perú", "Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial", "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures", Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation, "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities", "The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746", Casona of the National University of San Marcos, Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&oldid=980821054, 1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Source 2: Universidad Complutense de Madrid (sunshine and humidity), This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 17:23. [34], Lima is served by Jorge Chávez International Airport, located in Callao (LIM). Larcomar, a shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. The number of private schools is much greater than public schools (6,242 vs 1,805) while the average size of private schools is 100 for elementary and 130 for high school. Callao hosts nearly all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. [74], The street grid is laid out with a system of plazas that are similar to roundabouts or junctions. Scores are grouped in three levels: Below level 1 means that students were not able to respond to even the most simple questions; level 1 means the students did not achieve the expected level in skills but could respond to simple questions; and level 2 means they achieved/exceeded the expected skills for their grade level. The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis. Compensating for the lack of a freeze-free growing season at elevations above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), indigenous farmers up until the 21st century have sought out micro-climates and used techniques such as Andenes (terraces) and Waru Waru (raised beds) to capture and store heat and permit hardy crops such as potatoes to grow up to 4,050 metres (13,290 ft) in elevation. The suburban districts of Cieneguilla, Pachacamac and the city of Chosica, are tourist attractions among locals. Additionally, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education along with 17% of women. The city's historic centre is located in the Cercado de Lima district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Centre"). [citation needed], Limean Spanish is distinguished by its clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents and has been influenced by immigrant groups including Italians, Andalusians, West Africans, Chinese and Japanese. A trip through the central district visits churches dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, the most noteworthy of which are the Cathedral and the Monastery of San Francisco, said to be connected by catacombs. Lima's road network is based mostly on large divided avenues rather than freeways. Museum of Italian Art It's the only European arts museum in Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute. [7], Lima's anthem was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a formal meeting with important politicians, including Peruvian President Alan García, and other authorities. [95] In addition, Central was named No. Even though the results for Math are lower than for reading, in both subject areas performance increased in 2012 over 2011. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer Edward Habich and is the country's most important engineering school. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas. While there are locations that fit into all three of the Koppen tropical types of climate, Af, Am, and Aw, the differences among the three climates in Peru are small. The following table summarizes climatic statistics for cities in the Andes mountain region. [103], Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours. In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the world's most profitable.[63]. [29], Climatic statistics cited in this article are for the period 1982-2012 and may become inaccurate in the future because of climate change and global warming. Lima is home to the country's highest concentration of museums, most notably the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú, Museum of Art, the Museo Pedro de Osma, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Nation, The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art, the Museum of Gold and the Larco Museum. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Lima is home to the oldest continuously operating higher learning institution in the New World, National University of San Marcos, founded in 1551.[100]. [7] It is made from a golden-colored silk canvas and embroidered in the center is its coat of arms. As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs in the form of persistent morning drizzle events. It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. In addition to this practical purpose, plazas serve as principal green spaces and contain monuments, statues and water fountains.[74]. Industrialization began in the 1930s and by 1950, through import substitution policies, manufacturing made up 14% of GNP. [14] However, the city was not free from dangers; the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean lead to the building of the Walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687. [76] Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants were joined by internal migrants from rural areas. It is located on mostly flat terrain in the Peruvian coastal plain, within the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. [91] One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, called Mistura ("mixture" in Portuguese). [20] The city's economic decline left its elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus, reluctant to advocate independence.[21]. The Callao seaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, covering over 47 hectares (120 acres) and shipping 20.7 million tonnes of cargo in 2007. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). The San Cristobal hill in the Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. In 2013, 3,480,000 people reported arriving from other regions. [5][6], The cold waters of the Humboldt Current also create a moist fog called garúa in Peru. The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to the Supreme Court of Peru. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world, Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group, 30th most populous 'agglomeration' in the world, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2008, Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit, Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Count of Vistaflorida, List of twin towns and sister cities in South America, List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area, "INEI: Lima cuenta con 9 millones 752 mil habitantes", "Lima alberga 9 millones 320 mil habitantes al 2018", "El origen del nombre de nuestra capital", "Lima tiene dos himnos que nadie ha escuchado", "20th Century Earthquakes: Records about Historical Earthquakes in Peru", "Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico", "Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification", https://www.nationalparks-worldwide.com/sam/peru/regions/coast/climate-coast.html, "World Weather Information Service – Lima", "Klimatafel von Lima-Callao (Int. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57. May and November are generally transition months, with a more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in May[38]. It also hosted the APEC Meetings of 2008 and 2016, the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in October 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2014, and the Miss Universe 1982 contest. They account for a large part of the car stock. With a population of almost 9 million,[4] Lima is the fifth largest city in the Americas, after São Paulo, Mexico City, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. [117], While the Police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The society, called APEGA, gathered chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers and journalists. The warm phase, El Niño, occurs every two to seven years. The city of Puno at that elevation has snow 14 days per year on average and it has snowed in every month of the year except November. A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean patriots under General José de San Martín landed south of Lima in 1820 but did not attack the city. The same city administration covers the local municipal authority. [15] The 1687 Peru earthquake destroyed most of the city buildings;[16] the earthquake marked a turning point in the city's history as it coincided with a trade recession and growing economic competition with cities such as Buenos Aires. The steep slopes and the sharp changes in elevation result in a large number of microclimates in which a change of location of a few kilometres can result in major climatic changes. During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Colectivos render express service on some major roads. The city performs much better than the national average in both disciplines. 86.1% of high school-age students are in school, vs the national average of 80.7%. Accelerated glacial melt and the eventual disappearance of glaciers will severely impact the quantity of water available in the coastal and mountain regions. Taxis are mostly informal and unmetered; they are cheap but feature poor driving habits. [104], The educational system in Lima is organized under the authority of the "Direccion Regional de Educacion (DRE) de Lima Metropolitana", which is in turn divided into 7 sub-directions or "UGEL" (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local): UGEL 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa Maria and Chilca), UGEL 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac and San Martin de Porres), UGEL 03 (Cercado, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria and San Isidro), UGEL 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa and Ancon), UGEL 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho and El Agustino), UGEL 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla and Chaclacayo) and UGEL 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos). They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true. [115], The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg (2 lb) per day. [103], The perception of security varies by district. In a few favored locations, where mountains come close to the sea and the fog condenses on the mountain slopes, the garúa permits vegetation to thrive in "fog oases," called lomas in Peru. The test assesses skills in reading comprehension and math. Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards.[90]. The Metropolitan Municipality has authority over the entire city, while each district has its own local government. Strongly influenced by European, Andean, African and Asian culture, Lima is a melting pot, due to colonization, immigration and indigenous influences. The climate guide for Lima, Peru shows long term monthly weather averages processed from data supplied by CRU (University of East Anglia), the Met Office & the Netherlands Meteorological Institute.